Prof. Dr. Mohsin Gillani
About Diabetes
A group of metabolic diseases characterised by raised blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia).
It is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by increased levels of glucose in the blood ( hyperglycemia ), resulting from defects in either or both of the following:
1) Insulin production: Pancreatic Beta cells may stop secreting insulin i.e (Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus).
2) Insulin Action: The body cells may stop responding to insulin or there is insulin resistance e (Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus)
Types Of Diabetes Mellitus
Type-1
In diabetes type 1, the pancreas does not make insulin, because the body's immune system attacks the islet cells in the pancreas that make insulin.
- Genetic Predisposition – HLA genes
- Autoimmune disease against Beta cells in the pancreas. Possibly viral, which causes destruction of Beta cells ( Decreased Insulin Production )
Type-2
Insulin ( high, normal or low) present but can not be utilized by body cells i.e ( Insulin resistance ) >> Other specific types ( Secondary)
- Gestational Diabetes: Typically associated with pregnant women
- LADA (Latent autoimmune diabetes in Adults )
| Type-1 | Type-2 | Gestational diabetes | LADA (latent autoimmune diabetes in adults) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Typical onset | Children to young adults | Adult onset | Pregnant women | Adults |
| Common causes | Genetic or environmental factors | Obesity, older age, family history, sedentary lifestyle | Obesity or family history of diabetes | Autoimmune factors, obesity and physical inactivity |
| Treatment | Insulin | Diet, exercise, oral anti-diabetic drugs, insulin and surgery | Diet, exercise, or oral anti-diabetic drugs and insulin | Oral anti-diabetic drugs or insulin |
| Preventable? | No | Yes | According to recent studies, some cases may be preventable | May in part be preventable in some cases |
| Share of cases | About 5% of all cases | 90–95% of all cases | Up to 9% of all pregnant women | Up to 10% of all diabetic cases |
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